The role of mural cells in hemorrhage of brain arteriovenous malformation

Brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) is the most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), particularly in young patients. However, exact bAVM bleeding and rupture not yet fully understood. In bAVMs, blood bypasses entire capillary bed directly flows from arteries to veins. The vessel walls bAVMs have structural defects, which impair vascular integrity. Mural cells are essential functional components vessels play a critical role maintaining Changes mural cell number coverage been implicated bAVMs. this review, we discussed roles pathogenesis. We focused on 1) recent advances human animal studies bAVMs; 2) importance integrity; 3) regulatory signaling pathways that regulate function. More specifically, three cell-recruitment during remodeling were detail, including platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B)/PDGF receptor-β (PDGFR-β), EphrinB2/EphB4, angiopoietins/tie2 pathways.